5 Ways to Learn in Your Third Age

Is The Common Definition Of Leadership - 1483 Words

1. The common definition of leadership that has been taught throughout the Coast Guard is â€Å"You influencing others to achieve a goal†. When boiling it down to the most simplistic form, that definition is sufficient. The problem with that definition is that it is very vague. It doesn’t quantify how well the goal was achieved, or what type of influence was used to achieve it. A leader can easily use negative motivation to achieve a goal, but the quality of the completed product may not be as high compared to times where positive motivation is used. If a leader were to threaten their subordinates with the potential of holding up their liberty until a job is complete, the subordinates may rush to get the job done, but the quality of their†¦show more content†¦When he would correct you, he would make it a point to do it in front of others, usually in a way that would demean you and embarrass you. In each one of these cases, you would get the impression tha t he was trying to out-do his previous attempts to demoralize you. I can remember one such instance where I was assigned the role of berthing area captain as a young PO3. During patrols, the Chief Master At Arms (CMAA) would perform a random walk-through of the berthing areas to ensure cleanliness. Supply berthing was not clean enough to meet Senior Chief’s standards. I was piped to lay to the Chief’s Mess. When I walked in, there was probably around 10 Chiefs sitting in the Mess. My Senior Chief proceeded to yell at me about the unclean berthing area. From my perspective, he enjoyed having the other Chiefs witness this display of his power. The term â€Å"praise in public, punish in private† had no meaning to this man. He was so universally disliked on the ship that when he had to leave a patrol early for a minor cardiac episode, people were actually happy about it. 3. When the above mentioned Senior Chief was tour complete, he was replaced by a Chief. As luck would have it, that Chief turned out to be the most positive and long-lasting influence on my career. That Chief went on to retire as a CWO4, but I still contact her on a regular basis for advice on personal and professional items. From the moment

Business Research Paper Free Essays

The purpose of business research is to allow a business to set itself apart from its competitors by gathering as much information on the industry that it can and utilizing that data to create unique methodologies and business practices. Researching a business will provide information on things such as what products consumers like or do not like to buy, what the start-up costs will be, and whether any new business opportunity is viable to undertake. Researching also reveals the profitability potential of products and services and how they size up competitively with similar products available in the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most successful business in each industry are perfect examples of how to successfully market, advertise, and sell your products so they should always be considered. According to chapter 1 of the textbook, it does not matter whether you are a small mom pop bakery or a large corporation like Nabisco, business research is equally important to your company. In my personal experience I have found that the company policies and procedures set forth by the upper management will directly reflect how the employees will react to their clients and impact the business. Personal Experience I have worked for fortune 500 companies such as Verizon, ATT, and Time Warner in the telecommunications industry and I have learned how each of these companies markets their products to both businesses and consumers. The breakthrough in technology of fiber optic internet and television that became available to consumers in the last ten years was a huge push for all of these companies. There are many different ways the companies got the word out to their customers. The top methods included direct mail, television commercials, email and internet marketing, billboards, radio advertisement, and direct sales at retail locations or residential campaigns. I was part of the residential campaign selling products to consumers at their homes. The money that companies would spend on advertising (usually in the millions) is relatively hard to track and is becoming less effective today. For example, direct mail campaigns have a less than 1% chance of reaching the customer. Whereas visiting a customer at their home has a better chance of influencing the customer to buy the product by learning exactly how it will benefit them and tailoring a package to fit their needs and save them money. I learned that many customers had switched to a competitor due to poor customer service, high prices in the area, or a lack of services offered. In some cases, just telling someone that new technology was now available in their area instantly piqued their interest. Every consumer is different, but everyone wants to feel like they are getting the most value for their money. That is why I would always try to offer the highest level of customer service, the best products, and the best value for the money. Many times people are willing to spend more money for the same products with a higher level of customer service. That is why fancy restaurants are popular, because the atmosphere and the customer service make it a much better experience than cooking a steak at home. So understanding your customer, your competition, and the market are all important factors in researching any business. How to cite Business Research Paper, Essays

Comparison Between Perfect Competition and Monopoly free essay sample

Uploading instructions Please view the assignment submission process document provided to you by the Virtual University to upload the assignment. Rules for Marking It should be clear that your assignment will not get any credit if: The assignment is submitted after due date; The submitted assignment does not compile or run; The assignment is copied. Objective The assignment is being uploaded to make the students read their handouts thoroughly. As it has been observed that the students are not reading their handouts properly so the assignment will bridge the gap between the students and the handouts. The assignment will also augment the students’ understanding of the importance of some specific dates and incidents in the history of Pakistan. Assignment (Fill in the blanks with appropriate words) 1. The Lahore Resolution was moved by _______________. 2. The World War started in 1939 3. The Hindus started Quit India Movement in ____________seeing British in trouble.. 4. Lord Wavell announced elections in ________ 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison Between Perfect Competition and Monopoly or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In __________1945 the elections of Central Legislature were held and the ML won all 30 Muslim seats. 6. On___________, 1946, all the newly elected Muslim members pledged in the Delhi Convention to shatter the Hindu dream of united India. 7. The Interim Government was formed under Nehru on September _________1946 and the ML stayed away. 8. Khizr Hayat Tiwana was a Muslim Leader from the_____________. 9. ___________meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on August 11, 1947 and the ceremonies on August 14. 10. ____________appointed as Viceroy and he arrived in Delhi on March 22, 1947. Attempting Methodology All the students should write down the whole sentences along with the missing words in accord with their order. Requirements of the Assignment 1. The medium of the course is English. 2. Assignment means comprehensive details about the given topic quoting different sources (books/articles/websites etc. ) but this assignment does need these things. 3. Copied material will be awar ded ZERO. 4. After due date Assignment will not be accepted. Note: You should prefer to upload your assignment in word document file.

The Anxiety Caused When A Mistake Is Realized Essay Example For Students

The Anxiety Caused When A Mistake Is Realized Essay Sigmund Freud believed himself to be a scientist. He believed that he was not a philosopher, just a scientific thinker. Freud carefully thought everything through and always backed up his views. Before any idea went into print, Freud worked hard to make sure that he covered his theories from all angles and that he himself could not disprove one of his theories. As a scientist, Sigmund believed that he must continue to test his theories. While continuing to investigate the workings on the human mind, Freud realized that his views of anxiety tended to contradict each other. In Freuds later years he takes the flipside of his initial view on anxiety. Why does this happen? Well, it is a complicated process in which the complete reversal of ideas seems to shock even Freud. In Freuds book The Interpretation of Dreams, he comes to the conclusion that anxiety arises from forced repression. It is perfectly true that unconscious wishes always remain active. They represent paths which can always be traversedIndeed it is a prominent feature of unconscious processes that they are indestructible. Since wishes remain active, Freud thought that repression of certain wishes in the id by the superego results in a level of nervousness and indecision in the ego, called anxiety. He believed that since the wish was being repressed, it fought harder to come to the surface causing an internal struggle, which heightened sensitivity to danger. However this early work on the source of anxiety was accomplished using only anxiety-dreams and seems rushed when compared to other topics in The Interpretation of Dreams. It becomes obvious that Freud rushed his initial thoughts on anxiety in his first book, when one reads Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, one of Freuds later works. The book is full of new ideas, thoughts and research. Freud begins this book by delving into the source of neurotic symptoms. He says that symptoms are:a sign of, and a substitute for, an instinctual satisfaction whi ch has remained in abeyance; its is a consequence of the process of repression. Repression proceeds from the ego when the ego which has been swayed by the superego refuses to associate itself with an instinctual cathexis which has been aroused in the id. In order to understand this, one must first have knowledge of the id, ego, and superego. Briefly, the id is the human instinct; it is self-centered and seeks complete and instant gratification at any expense. The superego begins to develop later in life (5-8years of age) and is influenced by society. Think of the superego as your conscience. Society and the person create right and wrong. So, it might be said that, the superego is a persons moral character. That leaves the ego, which is the mediator of arguments, in the form of impulses and wishes, from the id and superego. It is responsible for a persons actions. It has the ability to choose which impulses from the id are satisfied. The superego can communicate why a certain action could be harmful to oneself or other people, and the ego must choose if satisfying the wish of the id is worth the risk. Coming back to the previous quote, Freud believes that symptoms arise when the ego decides not to allow correct satisfaction of an impulse from the id. However, since the ego realizes that something must be done to stop the impulse, it creates a symptom, which indirectly satiates the id. While this seems to work in the short term, problems eventually arise as the id realizes it has been fooled. An example of this process begins with idea of an Oedipus Complex. This is a strong sexual attraction towards ones own mother during early childhood. Freud explains this process by use of a phobia of Little Hans. The young lad had an overwhelming fear of horses, especially horse-bites. Freud relates this fear to a fear of castration by the father. Freud believes that since Little Hans is attracted to his mother, he resents his father and the power associated with his father . However, the boy cannot truly resent his father, without out causing more pain, because of the closeness in the quarters they reside. The ego of Little Hans then made the decision to fear horses instead because it already witnessed horses hurting Little Hanss friends. Fear of being eaten by their parents for one reason or another is common amongst children. Little Hans needs power and recognizes his fathers genitals as power and therefore the boy fears castration from a horse bite. Freud begins to agree, at least partially with Ranks theory of birth trauma. Lifes initial trauma leads to the creation of anxiety. This initial anxiety leads to the formation of newer and bigger anxieties. Therefore, anxiety comes from birth and exists in all humans. It is around this time that Freud begins to recognize a change in his general theory. He writes:If I had contented myself earlier with saying that after the occurrence of repression a certain amount of anxiety appeared in place of the mani festation of libido. the description would be correct.I can now no longer maintain this view. And, indeed, I found it impossibleto explain how a transformation occurred. He now begins to try to explain his new point of view by going on about further causes of symptoms. He explains that symptoms may arise when repression fails to suppress impulses, when a person tries to undo a traumatic experience, or the auto-erotic impulse is suppressed. Also, the destruction of the Oedipus Complex is a way of overcoming the fear of castration, but creates other symptoms in the fact the it the Oedipus Complex is important to the id. Freud now states that anxiety arises directlyfrom a libidinal cathexis whose processes have been disturbed. He believes that anxiety is the result of disturbed processes in the brain. For example, a traumatic experience greatly upsets every ongoing process in the body. Emotions are stirred and internal chaos results. After the initial incident, a fear arises and a pers on feels great anxiety when near the place or people involved in the initial traumatic experience. This anxiety causes the need for repression in order to calm the anxious feeling. The repression causes the need to create a symptom in order to take away any connection to the initial trauma. This symptom is generally a phobic one. This is Freuds explanation for the creation of phobias. All of the aforementioned ideas led Freud to the conclusion that: Anxiety is a reaction to a situation danger. It is obviated by the egos doing something to avoid that situation or to withdraw from itsymptoms are created so as to avoid the generating of anxiety. Now that Freud has come to a conclusion on anxiety, he begins to try to theorize why different symptoms come about. Basically, childhood neurosis is blamed for later development of symptoms. Everyone is slightly neurotic and will develop phobias, or symptoms relating to past traumatic experiences. Those who have many symptoms and are obsessiona l neurotics have problems stemming form childhood neurosis, which was never overcome. Signs of childhood neurosis can be found in all adult neurotics without exception It is evident that Freud attributes failed repression to obsessional neurosis. .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df , .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df .postImageUrl , .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df , .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df:hover , .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df:visited , .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df:active { border:0!important; } .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df:active , .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u490d733a9077a5ecdffab48c8bd6d8df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cannabis Sativa: Why Hasn't It Been Legalized? Essay We will write a custom essay on The Anxiety Caused When A Mistake Is Realized specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Freud was a scientist. He wanted to make sure that all of his theories could not be disputed. Therefore, he needed to cover his point from every possible angle and continue to further develop it. While doing this, he realized that his theory was incorrect and needed to be changed. Instead of dismissing any possible criticisms he changed his idea in favor of one that is more suitable in light of new evidence. This is why Freud was obsessed with making the change correctly. He wanted to be correct, as we all do, and when he witnessed his mistake, he sucked it up and made anew. Its good practice. BibliographyFreud, Interpretation of DreamPhilosophy Essays

Final Keywords)

Create a Java Constant Variable (Static/Final Keywords) A constant is a  variable  whose value cannot change once it has been assigned. Java doesnt have built-in support for constants, but the variable modifiers  static and final can be used to effectively create one. Constants can make your program more easily read and understood by others. In addition, a constant is cached by the JVM as well as your application, so using a constant can improve performance.   Static Modifier This allows a variable to be used without first creating an instance of the class; a static class member is associated with the class itself, rather than an object. All class instances share the same copy of the variable. This means that another application or main() can easily use it. For example, class myClass contains a static variable days_in_week: public class myClass {    static int days_in_week 7;} Because this variable is static, it can be used elsewhere without explicitly creating a myClass object: public class myOtherClass {      static void main(String[] args) {          System.out.println(myClass.days_in_week);    } } Final Modifier The final modifier means that the variables value cannot change. Once the value is assigned, it cannot be reassigned.   Primitive data types (i.e., int, short, long, byte, char, float, double, boolean) can be made immutable/unchangeable using the final modifier. Together, these modifiers create a constant variable. static final int DAYS_IN_WEEK 7; Note that we declared DAYS_IN_WEEK in all caps  once we added the final modifier. Its a long-standing practice among Java programmers to define constant variables in all caps, as well as to separate words with underscores. Java doesnt require this formatting but it makes it easier for anyone reading the code to immediately identify a constant.   Potential Problems With Constant Variables The way the final keyword works in Java is that the variables pointer to the value cannot change. Lets repeat that:  its the pointer that cannot change the location to which its pointing. Theres no guarantee that the object being referenced will stay the same, only that the variable will always hold a reference to the same object. If the referenced object is mutable (i.e. has fields that can be changed), then the constant variable may contain a value other than what was originally assigned.

Weekly journal week4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Weekly journal week4 - Essay Example This gave me a lot of freedom to be myself and also paved the way for me to work independently and under very little supervision. Generally, the day was very successful as I was able to communicate well with the customers on issues that the management wanted given to them. DESCRIPTIVE: On the second day, I was made to work with the customers yet again as I was assigned the role of customer relations strategist. What this role meant was that I was supposed to suggest practical ways in which the company could increase its customer base. REFLECTIVE: A unique feature of the day’s role was that I was given the freedom to come out with my own strategy on finding out what the customers expected from the company and how this could be achieved to ensure that we built faith with the customers and in turn enhanced our services to them. This was a challenging task but having worked as a PR for the company, I was offered the opportunity to identify a lot of these ways by which we could win the hearts of customers. In confirming my ideas, I designed a simple questionnaire, which I gave out to customers who visited the company premises. They indicated their desired service treat and these were coded and forwarded to the administration. DESCRIPTIVE: The third day saw a repeat of what was started on the second day. This means that I was made to act as a customer relations strategists again. What I did differently from the previous day was basically to collect feedback from the questionnaire that was instituted the day before. REFLECTIVE: This day did not start as challenging as the previous day because I had held the same position before. New customers were given new questionnaire as old one’s were forwarded to the management. There was a brief meeting with the management to discuss ways of implementing the suggestions. The finance and budget officer was in the meeting to budget for

Reading Response Speech of Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont Essay

Reading Response Speech of Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont - Essay Example and devoted themselves mainly to convincing the leaders and their subjects of the land where this cruel anger had affected to open the churches that were located on the east side. They solemnly ordered them at the Auvergne council on their achievement to such activities, as a groundwork for the reduction of all their evils (Krey, 2012). The Bishop of Puy known as Adhemar, who was the leader of this mission was constituted, and also told to embark on their stead. This was done so that those individuals who perhaps might be willing to undertake this voyage, must act in accordance with his rules, as if they were their own, and succumb completely to his bindings or loosing’s, to the extent that he will continue to be holding such a position. Additionally, he asserted that if there are any of the crusaders who feel God has motivated them to this undertaking, they should know that Adhemar will set forth with the assistance of God in the time of the supposition of the blessed Mary, and that this crusaders or followers of God should accord themselves to his teachings and follow his rules (Halsall, 1997). There can be no uncertainty on whether the response to Urban’s evangelization significantly surpassed his expectations. The Chronicles version might to some degree been swayed by the character of this response so that they twist what Urban said to prompt it. However, the historians are not in agreement with such a principle in defining the original themes of urban as well-maintained by the chronicles. The importance of this speech is that it will help the believers of Christ to follow the teachings of their church leaders as they will be aware that he or she is directed by God to lead them. This will assist the Holy City of Jerusalem to be delivered from the pagan

Revisiting American Indian Educational Experiences Essay

Revisiting American Indian Educational Experiences - Essay Example government and Christian missionary societies cooperated to "civilize," Christianize, and assimilate Indians. The books showed that despite the school’s attempt to â€Å"civilize† its students, it still failed to destroy the native children’s tribal identities. Yet it also managed to win many pupils to appreciate the English language and other academic skills. It was a â€Å"successful failure† as Traftzer et al put it because the children managed to keep their identities as native Indians despite the school’s oppressive policy to assimilate them yet they also learned the academics taught without â€Å"losing themselves (29). The book illustrated how culturally destructive boarding schools are to the natives and how it fosters elitism among them but it also highlighted the effort of the student’s to retain their sense of Indian identity that includes their native language that often necessitate resisting the discipline of which boarding schools impose. It showed the resolve of the students at boarding school to retain an identity that was purposely eroded through a policy of

Vulnerable Body Critical Discourse Of Code Blue Nursing Essay

Vulnerable Body Critical Discourse Of Code Blue Nursing Essay When words of Code Blue are announced through overhead speakers, my heart always skips a beat, and I will start my personal struggle again among professional, legal and ethic obligation: did I take the right action on a right patient and did I do a right thing? Code blue means a patient, who is in Full Code status, is suffering a event of cardio-respiratory arrest, and immediately needs a starting of full advanced cardiac life support protocol, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), medication, and mechanical ventilation (Lewis, Heitkemper Dirksen, 2006, p.166). I have been working in an adult inpatient medicine unit for six years. I can not exactly remember how many times I initiated a code blue call and have participated with the resuscitation team. Most of the patients that I have involved in code blue have died during the resuscitation process with a huge mess of blood, airway secretion, urine, bowel movement and medication on his or her body or survived less than 24 hours. After each resuscitation action, I felt emotionally drained, depressed, guilty, helpless and frustrated with the code status decision Full Code. In this paper, by presenting a resuscitation scenario, I will conduct a discourse analysis about this clinical d ilemma from both liberal-humanist and scientific-medical perspectives. Through analysis, I understood that clinical dilemma happens all the times, and it also will happen in the future. Nurses need to seek how to explore the contradictions or tensions from different discourses and understand them to grieve over. At the end of the paper, I discuss the implication of the future nursing practice based on the knowledge acquired from this discourse analysis. Personal Story It was my first year in an adult inpatient medicine unit after my graduation from a nursing school. Mr. D was a 97 years old widower. He was admitted to the hospital for congested heart failure, shortness of breath and also found to have pneumonia. He was intubated for respiratory difficulty in the intensive care unit then eventually developed multisystem organ failure, sepsis, and meningitis. Also, he was at the end stage of liver disease, and illustrated by brain damage signs from circulating toxins, hepatic encephalopathy. Arriving at my unit, he complained of shortness of breath and dizziness. His jaundiced skin glowed bright yellow. He showed delirium, repeated the same questions in slurred voice incoherently. He presented a marginal blood pressure, lungs were full of fluid, and oozed blood from his gums and injection sites was hardly to clot. All his limbs were extremely swollen. Nasogastric feeding tube was in situ. Oxygen was supplied at 4-liter by nasal prongs with saturatio n of 88 92%. While checking orders to create a Kardex, I realized his code status was Full Code, and physicians progress notes indicated that decision of code status was discussed between health care team and family three times. Two days later, I found Mr. D was not responding to my greeting and touch during my hourly round checking at 10:00 in the morning; no breathing sound heard, and no palpable pulse. I hit the code blue button on the wall at beside and started CPR. A code blue announcement automatically was delivered through overhead speaking system. Code team arrived in one minute. Night gown was stripped off; an aged body was totally naked. Deep suction via yankauer was made in rush, a tube was inserted down his throat, and then into his lungs in a harsh manner, and a ventilator took over his breathing, blood noted in his mouth; a cardiac monitor was hooked up to his chest; chest compression was made in a powerful manner to reach the depth of 5cm, rib and sternum bones broken noise was heard; a big needle-like catheter for getting artery blood gas by a respiratory therapist was poked into to several locations, blood contaminated his right upper arm and inner thigh; venopuncturing for intravenous cannu la insertion by a nurse was re-poked four times on both extremely swollen arms and blood messed on forearms; isosource of nasogastric feeding came from his nose and mouth, foul odour smelled; epinephrine was injected two times; defibrillator was applied three times with strong electric shock. Twenty minutes later, the physician ordered to stop the resuscitation effort and give up. Mr. D was left naked in the bed, lying without moving, deadly pale on his face. Everybody was exhausted, leaving the room with disappoint on face, and huge mess on the bed and floor. Tears were running down in familys cheek, too sad to say a word. Analyzing Personal Struggle Full code is permission for a code team to insert a ventilation tube into failing lungs, apply electric shock to a fibrillating heart, and unleash a extra blood of punctures, dissections, and exsanguinations on the human body. A resuscitation based on Full Code is supposed to be performed aiming in offering the patient a benefit. However, these interventions are marginally effective (Hiberman, Kutner, Parsons Murphy, 1997; Perers, Abrahamsson, Bang, Engdahl, Lindqvist Karlson, et al, 1999), lives saved and functioning restored only for a small number (15% worldwide average) of people (McGrath, 1987; Saklayen, Liss Markert, 1995; Schneider, Nelson Brown,, 1993). Subjecting a dying person to CPR who is believed there is virtually no hope of survival is a terrible way to practise health care; it is inhumane; and it is an assault. Despite significant improvements made in training, equipment, and drugs, the overall CPR survival rate has remained almost the same over the past 30 years (Beall, 2001). Findings from 33 studies showed that about 16% of patients under age 70 and 12% of patients aged 70 and older survived CPR only (Kaye Mancini, 1996). After participating in the resuscitation for Mr. D, I have been struggling over this real scenario at: (1) what is the quality of death; (2) who can decide the code status; and (3) what can I do for advocating my patient? As a nurse, I have to deal with life-and-death decisions with each of my patients. With the participating in the resuscitation for Mr. D and witnessed his death, I am wondering: what is a quality death? What a kind of process is a quality death? Who defines it? What is the resuscitation doing? How much do patients in terminal life stage have to understand about what dying is like? How well patients dignity could be preserved and integrated into the resuscitation process? How well patients wish could be respected in the decision of code status? How does a patient want everything to be done to extend his life Full Code in hospital parlance, or a patient wants to let his/her death happen naturally without interference a Do Not Resuscitate order? Does the Full Code status really benefit the patients interest or just benefit a substitute decision makers/familys interest? As for Mr. Ds scenario, is the Full Code status his real wish? Is the dying process his real belief about dying? Is t he dying process his real value about the death? Did he image his death with broken sternum and ribs, massive blood mess and contamination? Did he image that, at the end of life, he was surrounded by the code team rather than by his family members? Unfortunately, I have no solution to seek the true answers yet; I felt the contradiction and tension between the resuscitation on behalf of a Full Code status and quality death: professionally, I have duty of care to participate in the resuscitation action and do whatever required for such a purpose, but ethically and morally, I do not want to do any harm on my patients during the resuscitation. It has become my clinical dilemma of struggle for many years. The decision of code status is a complex and controversial topic. Theoretically, it seems simple and easy to declare either patient or patients substitute decision maker will be the subject to make decision about code status. However, in the real working environment, I noted that many patients indications on code status are blank, not checked yet; and sometimes they are left as blank for a long period; also, some patients code status has been changed reversely from Do Not Resuscitate to Full Code by their family; Mr. D was one of such examples. It tells me that the decision process in not a straight-forward linear procedure; it is organic or dynamic. The confusion for me is who is the real decision maker during this organic process, the patient own, patients family/substitute decision maker or a health care provider? As a regulated professional, a health care provider is rarely taking action as such decision maker; usually, either patients or their family will be. While the patient i s capable, it is clear that the patient decides it for himself or herself. However, my wondering is that there are so many factors that will impact patients capacity when decision needed to be made on the code status, such as age, medical condition, the quality of life, religious views and overall wishes. Further more, like the perception on pain, capacity is really subjective; a sound judgement on patients capacity also is difficulty. Who can decide a patients capacity is either intact or impaired without any interest conflict? Like Mr. Ds scenario, due to his senior age and confused medical condition, his daughter was his decision maker from the admission; the reality of his condition was recorded as deteriorated daily, and he had been incapable to provide any input about his code status; the progress notes show us that his code status has been changed from Full Code to Do Not Resuscitate, and then back to Full Code again during a five-week period of hospitalization. Is there any interest conflict in the process while his daughter made decision of turning over on his code status for him, and does such change will really benefit him in relieving suffering, restoring functioning and improving his quality of life? As a member of heath care team, what I can do to advocate my patients decision is really limited so that I am feeling helpless. Being a sick people in a hospital might be very stressful; in additional to physical symptoms, people may feel anxious, depressed and helpless. Also, family members might be place under a difficult time and position during a medical crisis; family members may disagree, emotions might be high and medical information can become confusing agent. In such a stressful circumstance, any possible irrational decision could be made without considering the reality and possibility. Perhaps, we can say nurses are knowledgeable to provide information, as well as nurses know more about the patients daily condition than a physician so that a nurse really can make some good input for health care team and family in decision-making to advocate patients benefit; however, the final decision is totally depending on patients or their substitute decision-makers understanding about the context of code status; they are legally granted the power. Like Mr. Ds case, his decision-maker alternatively requested change of his code status from Do Not Resuscitate to Full Code on his behalf that resulted in futile and miserable resuscitation, even if his most responsible physician could not apply any influence on it. Health care providers are not legally granted such a power, and ethically, we also can not apply our opinions, judgement or choice on patients or their decision-makers decision. So, I have been struggling over the relationship between power and knowledge; under such circumstance, knowledge is not and does not have the power at all. What we can do is through information providing to empower our patients or their decision-maker to use their power to make a right choice on code status to avoid such futile and miserable resuscitation happened on Mr. D without any benefit, but harm. Exploring Discourse Analysis The clinical dilemma as identified in the above scenario, the contradiction and tension are mainly triaged from respecting the patients own or their decision-makers choice on code status while providing our resuscitating intervention. In order to understand the issue, I did literature review on decision making on code status choice. I chose the patients or their decision-makers decision of choice on their code status and how to empower them in making a right decision by information providing to advocate for patients benefit in quality of life at the end of life as my focus. In the following sections, I will use Mr. Ds case to analyze this clinical dilemma from both liberal-humanist discourse and scientific-medical discourse perspectives. Scientific-medical discourse: empower patients to make right choice on code status According to Grant, Giddings Beale (2005), the scientific-medical discourse is based on the biomedical mode of medical science. Its core concept is that a human body is a collection of different parts that are organically organized and form different systems that manifest as a set of symptoms (Brown Seddon, 1996, a, b). It constitutes the scientific fundamentals and becomes the root of nursing science (Grant, Giddings Beale, 2005, p.499). That is the reason I chose it as one of my discourse. Medical knowledge explicitly tells me that life maintenance must be under the control of homeostatic balance, which is maintained by normal functions of all organs; and homeostatic control mechanism can maintain only in a relative narrow constancy (Thibodeau Patton, 2005, p.16). CPR is a desperate technique that is used on the people who are might be suffering cardiac arrest in order to deliver oxygen to blood stream and maintain a cardiac circulation to keep vital organs, such as such as the brain, be oxygenized to be alive, to delay brain death, and maintain the heart to remain responsive to defibrillation; in many type of patients, it virtually never works; for a patient with an advanced age and life-threatening illness who is dying of the underlying disease, there is very limited benefit because survival is rare ( As articulated by Grant, Giddings and Beale (2005), nurses had sound technical knowledge of bodily diseases, the associated symptoms, predisposing causes, and appropriate treatment (p.499) from medical science. Under the influence of biomedical model ideology, the interventions of nursing care have been constructed as a set of tangible, specifically operate-able and measurable procedures that are implemented in a methodical manner step by step, for example, nursing process. Reflecting on Mr. Ds case, by informing them the updated condition and possible prognosis through my careful and objective assessment, I can support my patient or their decision-maker to choose a right code status to avoid a violent death that occurs during an advanced cardiac life support and artificially prolonged life maintenance. It is not to apply my opinion or choice on them. It is to empower them to make right choice in a supportive manner to preserve patients dignity and quality of life, as well as death. In such a way, my professional integrity also will be benefited in maintaining, professional contradiction and personal tension will be avoided. Liberal-humanist Discourse: Advocating Patient According Grant, Giddings Beale (2005), the liberal-humanist discourse of nursing care is a holistic approach; the patient is viewed as a whole person and a unique individual, not the collection of different parts only. Empathic nursing care does not only deal with patients biomedical issues, but also emphasize patients autonomy, rationality, emotions, understandings and dignity; it is characterized by respecting patients self-determination, free choice, and self-representation (Praeger, 2002). The ethic ideology of liberal-humanist discourse of nursing care is underpinned by two assumptions: nurses commitment to a trust therapeutic interpersonal relationship of care and having moral obligation to act (Dyson, 1997, p. 200) on behalf of patients (Grant, Giddings Beale, 2005). Such a sound holistic approach becomes the grand rationale I choose it as one of my discourses. Also, it casts and shapes my best nursing practice by providing my patients and their family holistic caring. However, it must be understand that such an universal or global ideology itself has an underlying contradiction and tension that I experienced in my patient Mr. Ds scenario, that is, under some circumstance or specific context, it is difficulty that empathetic nursing care must have commitment to trust interpersonal relationship by respecting the patients autonomy and at the same time, nurses also have moral obligation to act on behalf of the patient. As for Mr. Ds case, health care team discussed the code status choice in multiple family meetings based on informed decision principle. The whole caring process demonstrated the empathetic caring by respecting familys decision on the code status choice, taking appropriate and timely resuscitation action morally on behalf of the decision maker. However, the misery result was the violation of patients dignity and quality of death in the dying process, which is actually avoidable and it morally generates the ethic guilty and tension in health carers emotion, because health carer eventually does not have the legal authority to take action to morally prevent such an avoidable misery event to be happened. Such contradiction and tension in professional, legal and ethic principles basically contribute to my distress and confusion. Implications for Nursing Practice The discourse from either scientific-medical approach or the liberal-humanist approach, while peoples life reaches the end stage life-span, not only does the physical body, but also the person as a whole, become a vulnerable object. Being a ill person in a hospital can be terribly overwhelming with physical symptoms, anxiety, depressed and helpless, as well as invasive treatment, diagnostic interventions and a variety of information that is related to each procedure. A treatment is supposed to be of benefit if it relieves suffering, restores functioning and improves quality of life; it will become a burden if it causes pain, prolongs dying without offering a benefit or increases distress. When we emphasize that patients do have some control over what kind of treatments they do and do not want, but in how many cases patients really implement their control over the treatments? Taking Mr. Ds scenario as an example, being in his senior age and impaired cognitive status, it is impossible for him to be a host to get his treatment and care plan under the control of his wishes; his decision maker on his behalf, driven and masked by a general graceful desire that is often seen in the most of people, just wants everything has to be done to remain alive to save and prolong his physical life, even if a few more minutes, legally places not only his physical body, but also a person as a whole at the risk of vulnerable position unconsciously while choosing a Full Code status. As a nursing member of the code team, I have professional obligation to do some inhumane resuscitation actions on his vulnerable body and impair his dignity of death. So, putting myself into Mr. Ds shoes, if either my parents or I were in his age and health condition, I really need the preservation of self-determination, free choices and self-representation in decision making on code status choice choose DNR, let me go naturally without pain, suffering and inhumane resuscitating effort. Our patient-center nursing care philosophy always makes us be aware of that patients need to be supported, not blamed (Kammerer, Garry, Hartigan, Carter Erlich, 2007). From the liberal-humanist discourse of nursing care views, committed to trust interpersonal relationship with patients, empathy and communication are two core concepts. When a persons life is at the brink of death, a clear mind is a rarely existed. Often, it will be more difficulty to accept and respect a frail mind than a frail body. Terminally ill people may look differently, feel even worse and terrible, and think in another way. They need advocacy, protection and caring in humane, patient, and professional ways. Supporting their ability to get their lives under control is no less important than keeping their blood pressure under control. Communication in an empathetic passion is more conducive to doing the right thing than rigid legal documents. Nursing has moral, as well as professional, obligation to communicate our scientific-medical knowledge to support patients in determining what kind of code status they want to be and make their wishes known to their loved ones. Family is an integrated part of our clients, which are facing a difficult position during a medical crisis. Identically, we have above obligation to support patients family members in knowing what a loved one wanted that will help them get peace of mind that they are honouring the wishes of their loved one. In such a way, our professional development will be in growth, and our personal distress that is involved in the discourse tension will be released. Summary According to the learning goals of this course, discourse from scientific-medical approach and liberal-humanist approach on a real clinical situation is presented in this paper. Personal distress, frustration and confusion arisen from the clinical dilemma have been analyzed. Nursing care can be explored from different kinds of contradictory discourses. All these contradictory discourses might contribute to nurses feeling of distress, frustration or confusion when encountering different clinical situations. The liberal-humanist ideal of ethic of care focus on viewing a person as a whole and respecting patients self-determination, free choice, and self-representation, bur patients need advocates and support from scientific-medical approach in decision-making. Furthermore, for professional and personal development, nurses should learn to understand these different discourses in one situation and take effective strategies to solve the clinical dilemma. Committing to a trust therapeutic i nterpersonal relationship with patients will help nurses understand patients better, and it also helps nurses to find the meaning of the event so that effective solutions could be figured out to solve clinical dilemma.

Corporate Social Responsibility with HIV / AIDS Drugs :: Social Responsibility Essays

â€Å"Each year, just three diseases kill 5.4 million people worldwide. Malaria kills at least one million, mainly in developing countries, with 90% of the deaths in Africa. Tuberculosis causes 1.9 million deaths a year, almost all of them in developing countries, where resistance to the five major anti-tubercular drugs is spreading. Some 400,000 of the tuberculosis victims are also HIV positive. The yearly death toll for HIV/Aids is almost 2.5 million, with about 1.8 million concentrated in the Sub-Saharan Africa† The Times Higher 20/07/01 Assess the responsibilities of the pharmaceutical companies for providing low cost drugs to the poor people in the developing countries. There is no generally accepted definition for corporate social responsibility (CSR), although various theorists have attempted to surmise one. One useful definition is provided by Archie Carroll (1979): ‘The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organisations at a given point in time’ Another definition is offered by Kok et al: ‘The obligation of the firm to use its resources in ways to benefit society, through committed participation as a member of society, taking into account the society at large and improving the welfare of society at large independent of direct gains of the company.’ An alternative definition by Frederick et al (1988): ‘business and society are interdependent and co-exist, with business using society's resources and, in turn, fulfilling economic needs and changing social goals Thus, business and society are bound by a reciprocal "social contract" which is seen as the "core idea of corporate social responsibility† These definitions encapsulate the notion that business has a responsibility to society as a whole, aside from the basic profit maximising ideas dictated by traditional free-market theory. in direct contrast from the classical economic sense of increasing shareholder wealth (Friedman, 1970) that it is a ‘fundamentally a subversive doctrine’. In the pharmaceutical industry has ia system that produces drugs in two categories. Category A would include drugs for conditions like

Culture Clash in “Two Kinds” and “Dead Mans Path” Essay

The culture clash in Two kinds occurs between Amy Tan who has become â€Å"Americanized† and her mother who is still very much under Chinese influence. Amy’s mum believes strongly in â€Å"The American Dream† â€Å"My mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America† Shows the large amount of Aspiration and hope in her mother’s mind about the future for Amy. Her mother continues the idea that Amy could be a star in America when she says â€Å"You can be best anything† Not only does the statement reflect her ambitions for Amy and beliefs but also her broken English represents that she is still very much Chinese. Amy takes a rebellious stance when her hair cut goes wrong, and claims she likes it as it was not what her mother wanted â€Å"I liked the haircut; it made me look forward to my future fame† The phrase not only shows her rebellious side but also that she believes what her mother has said about being famous. Amy’s views are filled with a degree of irony in being what her parents wanted her to be â€Å"I was filled with a sense I would soon become perfect† The italics in the phrase represent the irony of it and also the certain amount of insecurity Amy feels. Amy’s mother is also ironic to a degree although she may not mean to be â€Å"Searching for stories about remarkable children† The irony continues as Amy is not remarkable, and her mother thinks she can be. The fact Amy is not remarkable is brought up when she is asked to recall what she remembers from a page in the bible. â€Å"Now Jehosophat had riches and honor in abundance. That’s all I remember ma'† The phrase shows that Amy’s memory is poor and she is not exceptional. Amy soon begins to dislike her mother methods of trying to turn her into a child prodigy, and the cultures start to clash as Amy’s mum still believes that she can be, but the Americanized Amy starts to dislike it. â€Å"I hated the tests, the raised hopes and failed expectations† This shows Amy’s dislike of her mother’s methods, and the feeling that she has failed again and again. Amy then begins her rebellion in her feeling that she wont be who she’s not. â€Å"I promised myself, I won’t be what I’m not† This shows Amy’s determination to succeed against her mothers will and not become a prodigy. The view that a Chinese girl could succeed in American is brought back to her mum three months later when she sees a little Chinese girl playing a piano on TV when Amy defends the girl her mother takes the traditional view that she isn’t trying and that’s why she’s failing â€Å"Not the best because you’re not trying† The phrase emphasis’s the mother’s feelings towards her daughter as in traditional Chinese culture it must be the child’s fault. The culture clash is emphasized when Amy refuses to rehearse properly for her performance and play’s badly as a result her mum is deeply ashamed as she has in Chinese terms at least â€Å"shamed the family’s name† her father shares a similar view He says: â€Å"That was something else† In ambiguous phrase, her mum has a look on her face which rattles Amy and brings home what she’s done â€Å"But my mother’s expression was what devastated me: a quiet blank look that said she had lost everything† The phrase is powerful as her mum had lost everything, and Amy was her last hope. Her mum continues her methods of Chinese belief a few days later when in an argument she shouts at Amy on the basis that daughters in China are obedient â€Å"Only one type of daughter can live in this house, obedient daughter!† This is one of the more important lines as it really shows the Chinese culture that children should be obedient and Amy is not. Amy’s American beliefs and nature are brought up when she says â€Å"For unlike my mother I did not believe I could be anything. I could only be me† This emphasizes the fact she is not a traditional Chinese daughter the way her mum wants her to be instead she has her own beliefs and lifestyle. The first line of Dead Man’s Path emphasizes a culture clash, as the headmasters name is Michael Obi. Michael being a western name. So he obviously has western influence. And his clash begins with his views â€Å"He was outspoken is his condemnation of the narrow views of these older and often less educated ones† Michael is critical of the older generation, which is probably a western influence but in most Nigerian towns the elders are to be respected showing a clash between his and African views. His ideas and views are summarized and appear to be the opposite of the village in which the school is situated when he says â€Å"Everything will be modern and delightful†¦..† The word modern is italicized to show that it is the opposite of the current village and the change Michael Obi wants to create. Michael also tried to disassociate himself with the locals, and make himself sound better. â€Å"We’ve got a chance to show these people how a school should be run† Shows not just disassociation in the phrase â€Å"these people† but arrogance, in believing he can show them how to run a school. Michael’s western influence is also shown in the plants which are planted around school â€Å"Beautiful hibiscus and allamanda hedges† Both the plants are traditionally western showing Michael wishes to westernize the school. Michael’s amazement at the actions of the locals also shows his intolerance for both local traditions and respect for the old â€Å"He was scandalized to see and old women hobble right across the compound† The phrase scandalized shows just how amazed he is that the event has occurred; it also shows his feelings about tradition, that it needs to be removed. To be replaced by his modern ways. Michael then shows his ignorance to their culture by separating the incident and the school and exclaiming â€Å"And what has that got to do with the school?† The phrase is both pompous and patronizing and shows his ignorance in thinking that the two should be divided and religion/culture should be kept away from schools. The priest when talking to Michael has a feeling of power and looks down on Michael. â€Å"Look here my son† The priest uses this opening phrase to create a feeling of inferiority to Michael he also bangs his stick on the ground to emphasize his point. Michael responds to the whole conversation in a very arrogant way, â€Å"Our duty is to teach your children to laugh at such ideas† Shows his intolerance towards the priests and villages beliefs, and shows how he plans to change traditional ways. The conversation later grinds to a halt with neither parting with their idea’s or culture â€Å"I have no more words to say† Shows the priest has been defeated by ignorance, and that the conflict between the cultures will not be resolved. Both stories have culture clashes neither ending with particularly happy endings, However I feel that in Dead Man’s Path the culture clash is more straight forward in that it is traditional against modern. However two kinds is slightly more complicated as at first Amy seems to be trying to be traditional and try hard where as Michael never wanted any sort of tradition right from the start. Both culture clashes involve arguments and verbal disagreements, and some degree of action. Amy ruining her piano piece in Two Kinds and the Michael blocking off the path in Dead Man’s Path. These are followed up by more action from the other culture; Amy’s mum continues to make Amy learn claiming she could still be a prodigy whilst the villagers tear the school apart. In Dead Man’s Path it is an antithesis however I feel that Two Kinds is less so and the ideas are more intertwining however I still feel there is a large culture clash. In both stories however it is clear to see that both traditional and modern views find it hard to live side by side.

How to Write a Management Research Paper

How to Write a Management Research Paper A Management research paper, just like a piece of work devoted to any other discipline, should be well thought out. Your first and foremost task, while composing a management research paper, is finding the appropriate approach or â€Å"angle† for your investigation. First, decide on the topic of your paper. It should be interesting for you as well as for the readers. A â€Å"life† or contradictory topic may draw a larger circle of readers to your research paper. Try to select a topic that is not too narrow or specific. In this case, you risk not finding sufficient information related to the topic. After you find the main flow of the investigation, you may proceed with deciding on the paper format, its methodology, content, and word limit. These aspects of your management research paper, as well as the schedule for composing it, are to be discussed with your scientific advisor or tutor. The focus of your research paper will define the entire range of techniques and the methodology you will apply. As it is generally accepted, all research methods fall into qualitative (objective) and quantitative (subjective). Surely, it is good to combine the methods of two groups and use both numerical indicators (better presented visually in the paper) and descriptions. A management research paper may involve the following methods of investigation: observation; focus groups; case study; interviews, surveys, questionnaires, check-lists; documentation review, etc. You need to select the methodology based on the peculiarities of the chosen topic. Remember that careful data collection and analysis is the key to a successful management research paper. Your personal evaluation, in most cases, is not appropriate. You only need to present objective information and â€Å"naked† facts – they are more silver-tongued than anything else on Earth. Also, including tables, diagrams, charts, or any other visualization elements into the bare narration will add weight to your research paper. The summary and results of the paper are to be presented in its conclusion. This is the most important part of the paper, so it requires additional attention from you. In most cases, tutors and professors apply the unspoken rule of research paper reading – looking through the introduction and conclusion only. So, sometimes the entire impression of the investigation is formed only on the basis of these components. This is the main reason why the beginning and the end of your Management research paper should be as powerful and well-written as possible. Finally, proofread and check the paper for mistakes before you consider it finished. This will require more time, but will definitely reflect positively on the readers overall impression about the paper.

Insect Behavior, Communication and Learning

Insect Behavior, Communication and Learning Most insect behavior is genetically programmed, or innate. A caterpillar with no prior experience or instruction can still spin a silken cocoon. But can an insect change its behavior as a result of its experiences? In other words, can insects learn? Insects Use Memories to Change Their Behavior You wont see one graduating from Harvard anytime soon, but indeed, most insects can learn. Smart insects will change their behaviors to reflect their associations with and memories of environmental stimuli. For the simple insect nervous system, learning to ignore repetitive and meaningless stimuli is a fairly easy task. Blow air on a cockroachs rear end, and it will flee. If you continue to blow air on the cockroach over and over, it will eventually conclude that the sudden breeze is no cause for concern, and stay put. This learning, called habituation, helps insects save energy by training them to ignore what is harmless. Otherwise, the poor cockroach would spend all its time running away from the wind. Insects Learn From Their Earliest Experiences Imprinting occurs during a brief period of sensitivity to certain stimuli. Youve probably heard stories of baby ducks falling in line behind a human caretaker, or of nesting sea turtles that return to the beach where they hatched years earlier. Some insects also learn this way. Upon emerging from their pupal cases, ants notice and retain the scent of their colony. Other insects imprint on their first food plant, showing a clear preference for that plant for the remainder of their lives. Insects Can Be Trained   Like Pavlovs dogs, insects can also learn through classical conditioning. An insect exposed repeatedly to two unrelated stimuli will soon associate one with the other. Wasps can be given food rewards each time they detect a certain scent. Once a wasp associates food with the smell, it will continue to go to that scent. Some scientists believe trained wasps may replace bomb and drug sniffing dogs in the near future. Honeybees Memorize Flight Routes and Communicate with Dance Routines A honeybee demonstrates its ability to learn each time it leaves its colony to forage. The bee must memorize patterns of landmarks within its environment to guide it back to the colony. Often, she is following the instructions of a fellow worker, as taught to her through the waggle dance. This memorization of details and events is a form of latent learning.

Marketing planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing planning - Essay Example In order to attain the above mentioned objectives, Tesco would have to implement certain significant tactics that include the broad conception of marketing mix which fundamentally comprises the 7 P’s, market segmentation, positioning as well as targeting tactics. Furthermore, Tesco should majorly focus upon the rise in its industrial network portfolio along with universal market expansion in future. In this context, Tesco can initiate the tactic of offering cheaper products for the customers along with possessing powerful brand image, especially to cope up with the fierce competition in the grocery business market in UK. These particular tactics would assist Tesco to accomplish its objectives by a significant level concerning with the fact that the reputation of the organisation is constantly growing. Apart from the above mentioned tactics, Tesco could follow certain other major plans that include the conception of new product innovation along with the idea of Total Quality Ma nagement (TQM) (Scribd Inc., 2012). Additionally, there lies certain other crucial dimensions of tactics through which Tesco could attain its expected business goals by a considerable level. The different dimensions include the consciousness of Tesco regarding the various law set of laws that applies in its particular business operating location along with complying with them in an effective manner and mitigating the issue of Credit Crunch that affected the performance of Tesco in terms of sales.. In this regard, it has been observed that the economy of UK has been experiencing a challenging situation that resulted towards the decline of the economy due to the emergence of significant issues related to Credit Crunch. Such an issue, in due course, affected the disposable earnings of the individuals in the country which indicated that the people or the customers largely focussed upon the idea of saving their valuable money rather than making expenditures for the consumption of products apart from their basic needs. Hence , the purchasing capacity of the customers was observed to slacken in that particular area. In order to mitigate the consequences led by weakening customer purchase, Tesco applied

Law Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law Master - Essay Example (ii) to remove a temporary surplus of the like domestic product, or, if there is no substantial domestic production of the like product, of a domestic product for which the imported product can be directly substituted, by making the surplus available to certain groups of domestic consumers free of charge or at prices below the current market level; or (iii) to restrict the quantities permitted to be produced of any animal product the production of which is directly dependent, wholly or mainly, on the imported commodity, if the domestic production of that commodity is relatively negligible. Any contracting party applying restrictions on the importation of any product pursuant to subparagraph (c) of this paragraph shall give public notice of the total quantity or value of the product permitted to be imported during a specified future period and of any change in such quantity or value. Moreover, any restrictions applied under (i) above shall not be such as will reduce the total of imports relative to the total of domestic production, as compared with the proportion, which might reasonably be expected to rule between the two in the absence of restrictions. In determining this proportion, the contracting party shall pay due regard to the proportion prevailing during a previous representative period and to any special factors* which may have affected or may be affecting the trade in the product concerned. Brief Explanation of the Article XI: As the title suggests Article XI is concerned with the General Elimination of Quantitative Restriction from Trade. It goes on to say that a contracting party whether importing goods or exporting them shall maintain no prohibition or restrictions on them except in the form of duties, taxes and other charges that can be effective through quotas, import and export licences or other measures, Article XI advocates for the tariff regime to be put in place as trade measures. It further puts prohibition on either of the contracting parties for introducing fresh quotas and they are also required to eliminate the existing ones. However, it also lays a exception to the quantitative restrictions in case of certain domestic agricultural programs. I found the text of the Article XI by accessing the WTO website and in it the legal documents section of WTO. The URL that I accessed is 2) The cases decided by the WTO Dispute Panels and Appellate Body relating to the interpretation of Article XI are the following : Turkey - Textiles EEC - Imports from Hong Kong. India - Quantitative Restrictions US - Wool Shirts and Blouses EC - Hormones Canada - Periodicals US - Shrimp EC - Asbestos United

Indiana Prison Health Care Department Case Study

Indiana Prison Health Care Department - Case Study Example In this case study, we will focus on the healthcare spending of the Indiana state prison, which has a population of 13,000, and how to reduce the spending on the prison. Generally, Indiana prison has been considered to have the lowest total administrative cost of its healthcare department. In the Fiscal year of 2014, the Indiana Department of correction had a total of $542.2 million in prison expenditure in which 20 percent of this expenditure went to its healthcare expenditure (Chokshi, 2013). The total administrative cost of the Indiana prison health care department, therefore, amounted to about $110 million in this year. Given its population of 13,000, it is thus approximated that the per-prisoner cost of medical care is about $8462. According to research, it has been observed that the females in Indiana prisons have more health problems than their male counterparts. This is particularly due to their delicate, feminine body that is vulnerable to many health complications. In addition to this, is the fact that most female prisoners get pregnant during their time in prison and therefore require frequent medication and multiple checkups to ensure safe delivery of the newly born. However, due to the majority of the male prisoners who hold 80 percent of the total inmates in Indiana State, most of the state prison expenditure goes to them (Paterson, 2014). 70 percent of the total health spending in the prison, which amounts to $ 77M goes to the male inmates while the female prisoners only consume around $33M of the total health expenditure. Twenty percent of the prisoners who are HIV positive require special at a tension in their treatment and therefore their medication is quite costly compared to those who are negative. Similarly, the elderly prisoner (those who are over the age of 55) has a higher cost of medication  than the younger population due to their frequent ailments (Mikle & Park, 2013).

The Christian Church Essay Example for Free

The Christian Church Essay The Christian Church was born out of the legacies of the Greek, Roman and Jewish cultures. Through God’s providence and perhaps advantageous timing, the Christian Church entered a world prepared for the truth of God. The Greeks provided a universal language and philosophy that supported the acceptance of the Church. Roman laws, organization, and commitment to peace created proper surroundings for the Church to flourish. Lastly, the Jewish religious principles, helped form the backbone of the Christian Church. Through a detailed examination of the language and philosophy, organization and structure, and religions views of the early Christian Church we can determine that the Greek, Roman, and Jewish Cultures all contributed to the birth and spread of the Church. The Hellenistic culture of the ancient Greeks contributed its philosophy and language to the Christian Church. Alexander the Great built an empire united by a common thread: Greek ideology, language and culture. This process of assimilation by which Greek culture was transplanted to the east became identified as Hellenization. The popular Greek language became a medium on which the Christian religion could flourish, as the language created a disposition of acceptance. The Greek language was the contemporary language associated with a well-established culture. Though the Greek religion was considered one-dimensional and simple, its language allowed the Jewish and other eastern religions, which would eventually contribute to Christianity, to communicate properly. The dominant Greek philosophical ideals of the time, which where Stoicism, Platonism and Epicureanism, all contributed greatly to the evolution of the Christian Church. One early Christian by the name of Clement of Alexandria wrote: Philosophy has been given to the Greeks as their own kind of Covenant, their  foundation for the philosophy of Christ the philosophy of the Greeks contains the basic elements of that genuine and perfect knowledge which is higher than human even upon those spiritual objects. (Miscellanies 6. 8) Clements’ statement demonstrates how important Greek philosophy was to the Christian religion. Great philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato added important concepts and teachings to the Christian faith. The Greek culture was instrumental in providing a well-known and respected language for the Christian Church, as well as many significant philosophies, which contributed to the birth and spread of the Church. The Roman Empire provided efficient structure and organization, which catalyzed the growth of the Christian community. In the year 509 B.C. after multiple monarchs had failed to satisfy the Roman society, the Republic of Rome was founded. The republic divided the power of Rome among a group of Assemblies, two consuls and the Senate. The Republic government flourished for 376 years, but in 133 B.C. it collapsed to civil war. After years of fighting, betrayal and violence, a powerful authority named Augustus founded the Roman Empire. Augustus brought peace and prosperity to the Roman world. This great time for the Roman Empire was called the Pax Romana, a revolutionary era where the Christian religion gained the ability to expand its administration. During the times of the Pax Romana, travel across large distances became very efficient and safe for new public highways were introduced throughout the Roman Empire. Such highways made the spread of the Christian Church much easier than before. Suddenly, messages and people could travel vast lengths very quick. Direct highways in the Roman Empire enabled Christians to unite, communicate and gain power and information. Rome also served as a protected area for early Christians to live and worship God. The Empire’s structure and law under the reign of Augustus supported the importance moral conduct and justice, key concepts that would eventually become part of the Church’s purpose. The Roman structure and law was influenced by the dominant Stoic philosophy. Stoics believed that the highest good that man can achieve is to live a life of virtue in harmony with reason. This Stoic belief would ultimately aid in the Christian understanding of the Natural Law. It is true to establish that the Roman Empire’s structure, law and organization greatly helped facilitate the birth and spread of the Christian Faith. The Jewish culture formed the religious foundation of the Christian Church. The Jewish people were the chosen people of God, the true descendants of Abraham. The early Christians were originally members of the Jewish faith. Many of the Jewish principles of religion continue to exist in Christianity, such as their firm monotheistic belief. Perhaps the most important Jewish relation that helped initialize the Christian Church is the life of the Messiah Jesus. The word Christian did not exist until 40 years after the crucifixion, Jesus was born and died a Jew. The origins of Christianity evolved from the heart of Jewish culture. Jesus challenged the customs of the day by teaching revolutionary interpretations of Jewish scripture. Although they did not call themselves Christians yet, Jesus’ followers founded the beginning of the Church. Jesus used modified and logically understood Jewish scriptures to inform the people of God that salvation was at hand. The entire Old Testament originates from the Jewish written Tanakh. Much of our Christian models such as heaven and hell, angels and devils, and respect and love for human life come from Jewish tradition. Through Jewish religious conception and Jesus’s role in empowering and teaching early Christians, it is true to conclude that the Jewish faith directly aided Christianity to commence and develop. A clearer understanding of the Roman, Greek, and Jewish contributions to the Christian Church allows us to identify the significant impact such cultures have had on the Church. An analysis of the language and philosophy, organization and structure, and religions views of the early Christian Church enables us to conclude that the Greek, Roman, and Jewish Cultures all contributed to the birth and spread of the Church.

Concept and theories in political economy

Concept and theories in political economy 1.0 Introduction One of the main outcomes of neo-liberalism in IPE (International political Economy) in economic reforms is Privatisation. To develop my argument, I will look at the arguments of neo-liberalism in favour of privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital through globalisation. The idea of globalisation has grown to be one of the generally effective in socio economic development as well as raises the global cross boarder in term of social, economic and cultural. ‘To day the terms ‘World economy, ‘world market and ‘globalisation are commonplace, appearing in the sound bites of politicians (Dunn: 188). The debate of the above three vectors relate with economic competition and privatisation try to increase world interdependent and become desirable and inevitable process. Afterwards globalisation is rising attractive a controversial subject whether it can really be important in socio economic development and improve human welfare. A number of scholars in this part come across not so convincingly to provide or even concur that relation between globalisation and privatisation in terms of free competition and free trade (worldwide capital mobility) lead to economic effectiveness, welfare and democracy. To my understanding, globalisation is an important but not adequate circumstance to hasten socio economic. 1.1 PURPOSE. The foundation of this essay is to essentially examine how aspects of globalisation with privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital are either important desirable in socio economic improvement. The essay will begin by introducing the concepts of globalisation and will explain Neoliberals perspective on globalisation and its effects on socio economic using different readings, lectures, Journals and my individual observation concerning to the issue. The primary part of this essay will demonstrate the neoliberal arguments in favour of privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital and its contribution of economic o the process of accelerated economic growth and poverty reduction. Secondly, it will examine some view and criticism and or challenges associated from other perspectives for concerning arguments. Finally, I will draw a conclusion based on review findings. 1.2 CONCEPTS. The idea of globalisation is global change relate with connections of social, cultural, economic and political between actors across the globe. (Robinson: 1999). According to Todaro, globalisation is increasing integrations of national economies into expanding international markets. The above information explains that the process of globalisation try to make a global single set. Indeed Gill accepts that ‘globalisation is part of broad process of restructuring of state and civil society and political economy culture. He emphasizes that ‘It is ideology largely consistent with the world view and political priorities of large- scale internationally mobile forms of capital. Mobility of resources is very crucial in development, investment and services for increasing internationally interconnection and commonly world economy. The OECD1 handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators explained that the term ‘globalisation has been widely used to describe the increasing intern ationalisation of financial market and of markets for goods and services. In this regards the integrations of capital labour and financial services is very important for economic inter-reliance. The Concept of neo-liberalism is a set of economic policies that have become widespread during the last two decade. Martinez 1996. Indeed (Cerny, 2008), explained that, during 1980s ‘neo-liberalism was related with International Relation while 1990s focus on economic and liberalisation in International Political Economy. Thorsen agrees that ‘is used to describe a range of policies and an economic philosophy that stress international free trade, economic liberalism or capitalism and the promotion of such through deregulation privatisation and liberalisation of nation economies. He highlights that, ‘the term neo liberalism also used to imply that is a new form of economic liberalism more commonly known as ‘capitalism but on global scale. In this logic the neoliberals relate with open of trans-nationalisation of capital and liberation of enterprises and state linking the appearance of market civilisation. Mean while, (Gill1995) agrees that ‘neoliberal macroeconomic policies, aligned to the ideology of the competition state, hence the competition through the privatisation is more essential and enhance global interconnection on socio economic growth. According to sheikh (2004) neoliberals dominants modern globalisation. Its practices are justified by asset of theoretical claim rooted in standard economic theory. Market is represented as optimal and self regulating social structure. It is claimed that if market must be allowed to function with out restraint. Therefore, neoliberals believe that the role of government is to provide public service and markets will adjustment naturally. Neo-liberalism perspective with globalisation reflects on international competitiveness, the policy might engage in recreation of a role in improving international economy. Hirst (2009) at el accepts that, ‘to neo-liberalism international competitiveness as the characteristic modality of international economic governance. It involves political compromise including diplomatic bargaining between countries to establish compromises on trade policy as exemplified by the GATT mechanism. A long with this for neo-liberalism emphasis on the political bargaining is very significant the exercise of international market entrance. 2. Privatisation and Trans-nationalisation of Capital. Before the description and explanation of the neo-liberalism arguments in favour of privatisation. I will describe in short the meaning of privatisation In generally. According to Todaro 2009 ‘the privatisation of state owned enterprises in the production and financial sectors, hinges on orthodox hypothesis that private ownership brings greater efficiency and more rapid growth In addition he emphasise that ‘privatisation improves efficiency, increase outputs and lower costs to reduce public internal and external debt, and promotes individuals initiatives while rewarding entrepreneurship. In this regards states by implementing this policy leads to improve growth and increase in the rational choice for consumer and socio economic level. Martinez (1996) agrees that ‘privatisation sell state-owned enterprises, goods and services to private investors. This includes banks, key industries, railroads, toll highways, electricity, schools, hospitals and even fresh water. Although usually done in the name of greater efficiency, which is often needed, privatization has mainly had the effect of concentrating wealth even more in a few hands and making the public pay even more for its needs. In general privatisation is very crucial on world economy yet it is increasingly becoming a debated issue whether it can improve the economy or make it is worse situation especially in developing Countries. Related with trans-nationalisation of capital is a kind of recent capitalism connected with hegemonic tool for analysis of transitional economy. Capital transnationalisation can be transferred through different type in terms of and goods and service capital, financial capital, and productive capital. Bina (1991) agrees that there are three ways of trans-nationalisation in world economy (i) ‘Concentration and centralisation of capital both in manufacturing (industrial capital) and financial capital. (ii) The formation of finance capital and further development of credits system for expanded reproduction and the consequent internationalisation of all circuits of capital and globalisation and production through the medium of transnational cooperation (TNCs). However economic labour movement and financial flow become considerable society in the age of globalisation. Labour is directly related to the reason of advanced capitalism. This requires an inspection of requirements of the p olitical economy of today trans-nationalisation. Cerny 2008 argue that ‘for neo-liberalism contemporary politics entails both a process of choosing between version of neo-liberalism, and the attempt to innovate creativity within the new neoliberal playing field including open trade capital flows embedded financial orthodoxy, the regulatory state, privatisation and hybrid forms of governance are the bottom line of neo-liberalism. In theory, it offers prediction of amendment of political institutions increase of economic globalisation. The argument of neo-liberalism paradigm base on free market and privatisation has encouraging effects in social impartiality. Moreover they believe in freedom of movement for capital commodities, it advocates the opportunity of economies and competition in the world market in situation of complete freedom. Hirst agrees that ‘economic performance measures through ‘competitiveness. Idea of competitiveness relate with comparative advantages that is different countries lead each country will capable to acquire other product at al lower resources cost less hours. Moreover, Makwana (2006) agrees that neoliberals claims that privatized services are more capable than those run by state. They consider that market competition and collaborate effectiveness can drive prices drive prices down for consumers. Furthermore, the eventual goal of neoliberal economic globalisation to eliminate of all barriers to trade and the privatisation of all accessible resources and service. In addition, Cerny 2008. state that, ‘neo-liberalism focus on relatively dogmatic, enforced laissez-faire doctrine, it involves first of all an acceptance that we live in multilevel, more open and market like globalisation world in which informal and negotiated policy process prevails for neoliberals open market and globalisation is very significant for ‘neoliberal market civilisation (Gill 1995) which is linking social well being on broad around the world economy system. Another explanation from (Cerny: 2008) reiterates that, neoliberals public policies, whether at national, regional or international level do not merely constrains but also bring opportunities. In theory, through Structural Adjustment policies allows poor to possess and be accountable for recovering their lives changes themselves relatively than the system. As I mentioned earlier that, transformation of capital may occur in term of manufacturing and financial aspects there is empirical evidence that some of countries benefited with privatisation policy. (Calva: 2003) accepts that, ‘in Costa Rica four company privatise and reported that increasing 9 percentages of GDP in 1998.this means that shares of GDP reduce deficit in GDP. Another evidence which (Calva 2003) provided that increase of production in industrial sector, he highlighted that ‘Russian and Mexico is among of countries achieved in by privatisation. The above example provided, demonstrate for neoliberals ideology of privatisation had positive aspects in economic sector. Different with neoliberals perspectives, realist theories highlighted that competitiveness and privatisation is not a solution for social well being on broad around the world. Bayliss (2005) agreed that, ‘in developing countries, privatisation, in common with the wider neo-liberal policy agenda, has failed to meet expectations. Privatisation efforts have been undermined by various factors, including weak political commitment, poor investor supply response and institutional challenges. He emphasis that ‘since the late 1990s, the language of privatisation has softened (as, for example, ‘private sector participation has replaced ‘privatisation). In additional to that, realism scholars argues that globalisation has not succeeded to promote market economy in world market. It gears an inequality of market between North and South. Stiglitz agrees there is ‘disproportionate share of benefits, at the expense of the developing worlds. Therefore a consequence of this situation consequence was some poorest countries in the world turn into worse off. Private investment sector is useful in socio economic especially for countries that lacks of capital, including piece of equipments and expertise. Stiglitz (2006:) accepts that, for privatisation policy of world economy to ‘meet the demand for their skill labour increase, and wages of unskilled labour become higher he emphasized that ‘if labour moves from a country where productivity and wages are low to one where they are high, the increase in out put can be enormous and worlds economy grows. The Marxist perspectives, argues that privatisation is related with capital accumulation. Dunn 2006 agrees that ‘private capitalist accumulate capital by making investment decisions within logic of profit maximization. He emphasizes that privatisation in capitalist counties dont directly interfere in investments decisions or in the market, but rather provide legitimation and order, using its power primary to guarantee external defense and internal peace consistence with the institutions of private property, therefore they emphasizes that globalisation serves an interest maximisation of profit inter of capital trans-nationalisation and intercontinental trade other than ideology. For Marxist discipline, globalisation relates with expansion of capital accumulation and should be profitable the working class Hossein (2005) agrees that ‘for many Marxist in recent decades, capitalism is key its nature a globally expanding system geared to accumulation on a world scale. To some extent Marxist believe that ideology of competition between capitalist countries facilitate currently instability for the world capitalist economy. 3.0: Critics of Globalisation, Privatisation and trans-nationalisation. This paper has assessed the privatisation and trans-nationalisation idea of neoliberals facilitate socio economic world. Policy of privatisation to large extent the development helps to increase job creation, trade competition and rational choice for consumer. Yet it features some challenges. As I illustrated in the beginning, trans-nationalisation of capital is kind of hegemonic capitalist system, this is more appropriate part of global political economy in capitalist production and finance. This reflects the rising domination of transnational cooperation (TNC) of having hegemonic actors (North part) in world economy. Roboson 2004 agrees that, there is ‘evidence that a transnational class is gaining hegemony over local- and national-based capitalists including the spread of TNCs, increase in foreign direct investment (FDI), cross border mergers and acquisitions, transnational interlocked directorships, and strategic alliances. This situation changes stability of classes forces that has completed likely that attack on unions. For neoliberals structural Adjustments policies is appropriate and its implementation but in reality the application of Shock therapy implementation of SAP in Africa and other areas resulted in increase in economic shock and other abjection results Protozos 2004 agreed that ‘over 15 years of IMF / World Bank management of Tanzania‘s economy saw its per capital GDP drop from $ 309 to $ 210 and rate of abject poverty jumped to 51 percent of the population. Moreover the Implementation of SAP are forced as condition for loans, hence the repayments of loans affects budget of the developing countries. In addition Protozons argue that ‘SAP structural Adjustment Programme are imposed renegotiating debts, and on condition that the receipts country accepts privatisation, capital market liberalisation, market based pricing and reduction in subsidies for public services such as water, food and utilities. This has therefore resulted was disintegration of their economies and hence catastrophic for developing countries. Competiveness of trade is myth to increase sustainable of true competitiveness. Unfortunately, this major reason that leads to divergences and differences between North and South. Hirst 2009 agrees that, ‘the emerging market economies might threaten the competitive position of the traditional developed countries of the North, which in countries is threatened by cheap goods and labour, the growth of South cheap goods and labour which one of aspects hinder trade competition. Indeed Curtis 2005 argues that ‘in Pakistan increasing foreign competition in fisheries a sector is edging 300,000 local fisher folk out of market. This evaluate that private company distorted local market since local companies does not compete due to different obstacles. Private investment sector was usual to consequence in job formation. In reality restructuring has been accompanied with retrenchments. Stiglitz (2006) accepts that, privatisation policy failed to meet commitments to world economy to ‘many development countries around the world when they liberalized so fast that the private sector did not have time to respond and create new jobs, or when interest rates were so high that the private sector could not affords to make the investments necessary to create new jobs. There fore unemployment rate increases in economic system. 4. Conclusion. In conclusion this paper argues on that globalisation and privatisation and trans-nationalisation in world economy. To a great degree, privatisation helps to facilitate and improves in different sectors management job opportunities socio and economic development growth in North side rather then South side. Above of the mentioned challenges / critics and other factors may cause that implementation of globalisation and tarns-nationalisation and privatisation be uneven. Moreover, the concept of globalisation exhibits affirmative forms of thought, including economic effectiveness, wellbeing and democracy. For neo-liberalism ideology of privatisation is away cut off hegemonic power between North and South which exist, yet the process seem failed to meet its commitments. Furthermore, the elementary strategy of neoliberal is focusing on rising freedom both political and economic aspects. The practice and performance of neoliberal ideology has been reliable every where in the world. Privatisation in developing countries is universal with the wide neoliberals strategy programme has failed to meet expectation. (Curtis 2005) accepts that, ‘In South Africa, water privatisation has meant that half of million people were cut off non payment of their water bills during of their water bills during a three month period in 2001 out break of cholera has been also been reported as families resort to drawing water pollution rivers. In this regards, the policy move emerged in response to apparent failures in the public sector particular in Sub Sahara Africa. Finally, I have drawn the conclusion, why neoliberal thought of globalisation through free trade policy not working? And what can be done in order to make globalisation run for more people. In my view damaged by different factors, together with weak political obligation, underprivileged investor supply response and institutional challenges. However there is tendency of TNCs exercise several strategies to reduce their declared income in developing country including transfer pricing and be liable to move most of declared profits elsewhere of the host country. On top on that, developing countries should provide sufficient data for foreign investors; hence it helps more promoted achievement. In developing countries, privatisation can place substantial demands on an already stretched and destabilized public sector, both in terms of functioning and rule of the privatised enterprises. Therefore manufacturing sector productivity is smaller and low-income economies due, in part, to an amalgamation of hi-tech dependence What do poor countries require to perform to reap the utmost benefit from globalisation? For my view that, developed countries should to reduce boundaries against import of African products. Public Sectors including provision of water, education and health might be clearly excluded from privatisation. Poor countries have to have right of entry to substantial special action to look after their frail economies from foreign competition. Developed countries should implements the Article 66 of TRIPS2 agreement, which requires developed countries to make available incentives encouraging transfer of technology. In addition to that, industrial countries should implement well article 22, 23, and 24 Howard 2009 agrees that, article 22,23,24 allow government to protect good name of product from certain regions in their countries, this helps developing countries to have a property of use of trade mark and geographical protection for produce a specific commodities. Last but not least a major aspect for implementation of privatisation is political stability. Ajay 2001 argue that, Good governance and accountability and trustworthy and independency of national institutions is very crucial condition for growth. To summarise, state should play its role well, where market failure and international developments agencies try to equalized and avoided to implements globalisation and other policies by dominants of unilaterally or us hegemony. 5. References. Ajay S Ibi 2001. What African needs to do to be benefit from Globalisation? Bayliss Kate 2005 Privatisation Theory and Practice: A Critical Analysis of Policy Evolution in the Development Context. Bina Cyrus and Yaghmaian Behazad 1991 Post war Global Accumulation and trans-nationalisation of capital. Curtis mark 2005 The WTO and developing countries right to protect Dunn Chase Christopher (1999), Globalisation: World- Systems Perspectives. Garcia Arnoldo and Elisabeth Martinez 1996 http://www.corp watch.org/article.php?id=376. Gill Stephen Millennium Journal of International Studies http://mil.segepub.com Hirst Paul and Thompson Grahame and Simon Bromly 2009 Globalisation in equation. 3rdedition. 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Human Cost of Structural Violence, in Jones (Ed) Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity, London-New York: Zed Books, pp 315-324 Robison William Baltimore 2004 a theory of global capitalism Production, class state in transnational world OECD: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and development. Trips: Trade intellectual property rights